Womens Right (Equal Right Amendment) Research Paper

Womens Right (Equal Right Amendment) - Research Paper Example This synchronized and yet sporadic movement by women activists, suffragists and liberationists precipitated for the advent of an epic legal victory that resulted benefits that scores of generations of women have enjoyed. In this paper, the author will outline, examine and interpret the women’s rights movement in America. Of particular importance here is the creation and the many hindrances that the Equal Rights Amendment of the United States Constitution has confronted throughout the years. The aim of this scholarly treatise is not only to provide pertinent information regarding the women rights advocacy but also to demonstrate insightful ideas and recommendations for the now and the future. Historical Background In 1848, the first-ever Women’s Rights Convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. Abolitionists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott spearheaded the two-day meeting of over 300 people who rallied for justice and equality for women who were institutional ly restricted from the rights and privileges of a citizen. The said convention generated the Declaration of Sentiments among other eleven resolutions denouncing inequality and proposing suffrage. However, the nation was far from ready to seriously pay attention to the issue of women’s rights and thought that the call for justice was not only ridiculous but also a worthless endeavor (Becker 39). After the Civil War, while the constitutional reformation centered on giving freedom to the slaves, Susan B. Anthony and Sojourner Truth, as well as the already-veteran Stanton, fought for the legal ground of providing the same civil and political rights that men enjoy to the American woman. Citing the 14th and 15th Amendments of the Constitution that the right to vote shall not be deprived to citizens on basis of their race, color and previous states of servitude, these women freedom fighters underscored the obvious and utter neglect of women in the laws of the land (Whitney 57). In 1 872 during the presidential election, Anthony cast her ballot in one of the poll precincts in New York invoking her right as a citizen as provided in the 14th Amendment. Her somehow rebellious act prompted her arrest, conviction and a penalty of $100, which she refused to pay. On the other hand, the Supreme Court decision in Minor versus Happersett (1875), pronounced that while women may be citizens, not all citizens are necessarily allowed to vote. Stanton, Mott, Anthony, Truth and the rest of the women abolitionists and suffragettes during the time passed their lifetime without experiencing the joys of participating in the political activities of the nation. Yet certainly, their monumental efforts were never put to waste. The Movement’s Gaining Momentum The past century saw the exponential increase of the number of women who joined in the workforce. This strong power base for women incited them to take part in the movement for social progress and reform, and eventually for a revived call for the right of suffrage. Staunch lobbying, frequent street marches, deliberate political boycotts, massive picketing at the White House and widespread civil obedience showed how serious the women during this period to achieve their impassioned goal to participate in the political affairs of the country and to cast their ballots. Millions of women collaborated to send their message to the national government, and most of them even went out of their way to lobby their causes in Congress. It was Carrie Chapman and the National American Woman Suffrage Association who emerged as leaders during this period of the American feminist movement. Although these demonstration strikes (proof that democracy was working in the American

Compare the role of France and the United States in the Rwandan Essay

Compare the role of France and the United States in the Rwandan genocide and account for the differences you find - Essay Example In the year 1990, the Tutsi decided to strike back and the Rwandese Patriotic Front was formed, comprised of Tutsi refugees who launched attacks from Uganda. A cease fire was arranged through the intervention of the United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda, and the terms agreed to were intended to improve ethnic participation and power sharing, allow refugees to return to their homes and create a multi party state (Gourevitch, 1999). However, the Hutus did not want to share power and commenced a media campaign via the radio station RTML, to mobilize ordinary Hutus against Tutsis, resulting in the eruption of genocidal activity. The Presidents of both Rwanda and Burundi were killed on April 6, 1994, and that night a series of mass murders resulted, with the Belgian peacekeeping forces helpless to intervene in the crisis due to their role as peace keepers.(Gourevitch, 1999). Ten Belgian soldiers who were assigned to protect the Hutu Prime Minister were murdered, and one week after the conflict erupted, Belgium withdrew all its troops. On 6th April, the large scale killing of Tutsis commenced and resulted in almost 800,000 people being killed over the short span of a few days, while the world looked on and did nothing. In summing up the reasons for the Rwandan genocide, Eltringham states that some view it as the result of â€Å"ethnic hatred†, others as a result of â€Å"bad politics and power struggle†, while yet others view it as the â€Å"direct outcome of colonial and neo imperialist manipulations†, and â€Å"economic frustrations†, but the truth may be that all these elements combined to play a role in the crisis. (Eltringham, 2004:xv). The occurrence of the genocide is a horrific event in recent human history, where thousands of innocent people died while the world stood by and did nothing. The United States is implicated for its role in the Rwanda genocide mostly through its

An Example Of Transition Economy Economics Essay

An Example Of Transition Economy Economics Essay Around 1.21 billion people currently living in India, which is about 17.4% of the global population or one, can say 2.4 per cent of world GDP in US dollar terms and 5.5 % in PPP terms. The universal wellbeing too is linked to progress in India as reflected in the eager global interest in India. But, India seems to instigate and disappoint at the same time. Where some countries raced ahead in the development process, India lagged behind. It took 40 long years for Indias real per capita GDP to double from 1950-1951 to 1990-91. But, for India 1991-92 was a significant moment in modern economic history because of a severe balance of payments catastrophe prompted far accomplishment economic reforms, unlocking its growth potential, and the result was that in only 15 years, Indias per capita income doubled again by 2006-07. If India will maintain its current growth rate then, Indias per capita income could definitely double by 2017-18 in next some years. The key policy reforms since 1991-92, reviewing the economic progress made so far Policy Reforms before 1991 Macroeconomic crisis of 1991 discernible a turning point in Indias economic history for two reasons. First, fiscal arrears driven external payment mishap with a dip in foreign exchange reserves to below US$ 1 billion in 1991. Second, concurrently efforts were made towards wide ranging structural reforms surrounding areas of trade, management of exchange rates and industry, public finance as well as financial sector. The main objective was to create a competitive environment to improve output and efficiency. New industrial policy fostered competition by Abolishing monopoly restrictions Terminating the phased manufacturing programmers 100% foreign direct investment Import of foreign technology De-reservation of sectors till then reserved for the public sector. Only five industries are under licensing presently, mainly on account of environmental, health, safety and strategic consideration and two industries are reserved for the public sector and those industries are: ATOMIC ENERGY RAILWAY TRANSPORT Reservation of industrial products for the small scale sector is still an enduring issue. FDI i.e. Foreign Direct Investment up to 100% is allowed under the automatic route in most sectors, but with a few exceptions. The infrastructure sector is being in the hands of private sector. Because of the large requirements of funds for infrastructure, 100% FDI has been allowed in all infrastructure sectors. There are unmitigated tax holidays to encourage the business of development, operation, and maintenance of infrastructure facilities. The monetary policy framework and its operating procedures in India have evolved over time with the changes in the macroeconomic structure and financial markets development. After the deregulation of the financial sector, the stability of money demand became deduce. Because of that, Reserve Banks switched from monetary targeting framework, to a multiple indicator approach. In this approach, many indicators available on a high frequency basis. The various indicators are: Rates of return in different markets Movements in currency, credit, fiscal position, inflation rate, exchange rate etc Refinancing and transactions in foreign exchange The objective for the financial sector was to provide operational litheness and functional self-sufficiency to all the financial institutions so that they could allocate resources more efficiently. Some of the important initiatives in the financial sector were: Reduction in statutory preemptions so as to release greater funds Interest rate deregulation to enable price discovery Allowing new private sector banks to create a more competitive environment The trade policy reforms comprised withdrawal of the quantitative restrictions on exports and imports phasing out of the system of import licensing Lowering the level of nominal tariffs and its dispersion as well. India embarked on a well sequenced opening up of the capital account. Its framework was based on a preference for non-debt creating capital inflows like foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment. Economic Progress after 1991 After 1990, India saw gradually breaking free of the low growth trap which was known as the Hindu growth rate of 3.5% p.a. Real GDP growth was increased from 5.7% p.a. to 7.3% p.a. in 1990 to 2000s. The main reason of this growth acceleration was that the growth rate of industry and services increased. Till the end of 1990, the green revolution had died down. The growth patterns altered the structure of the Indian economy with a decline in the share of agriculture from 28.4% to about 15 per cent in 2009-11. There was an increase in services, including construction, from 52% to 65%. The share of industry has remained unchanged at around 20 per cent of GDP. Real economy Items 199-2000 2001-2010 2004-2008 Share in GDP Agriculture 28.4% 19.4% 18.9% Industry 20.1% 20.0% 20.1% Services 51.5% 60.6% 61.1% The growth acceleration was accompanied by a sharp lift up in the rate of growth of gross fixed capital formation which had more than doubled from an annual average of 7.2 per cent in the 1990s to 15.7%. The structure of Indian economy also underwent a change. Exports and imports of goods and services have more than doubled from 23% of GDP to 50 per cent in 2011. The high growth was achieved in an environment of price stability as headline wholesale price index inflation dropped to an annual average of 5.5% in the 2000s from 8.1 per cent in the 1990s. Subsequently, in the post-crisis period the inflation trend has reversed with the headline WPI inflation averaging over 7% and the consumer price inflation crossing double digits during 2009-11. The uptick in food price inflation was particularly sharp during 2009-11. Inflation Item 1991-2000 2001- 2010 2004-2008 2009-2011 (Annual Average Percentage change) Wholesale Price Index 8.1 5.4 5.5 7.1 Food Articles 10.2 5.8 5.2 13.3 Fuel Group 10.6 8.9 7.3 7.2 Non-Food Manufactured Products 6.8 4.0 5.0 4.0 CPI- Industrial Workers 9.5 5.9 5.0 10.6 CPI- Industrial Workers Food 9.8 6.2 5.5 12.5 No power on earth can stop an idea whose time has come. India has launched wide ranging structural reforms and has made noteworthy economic progress over the past two decades. Some of them are: Indias industrial environment has become more competitive and open Infrastructural gaps have been sought to be bridged through public-private initiatives with both domestic and foreign sources of funding Current account has become fully convertible while capital account which is virtually free for non-resident. As interest rates deregulated, banks gained operational autonomy for commercial lending. If India could maintain the current pace of growth it will elevate millions out of poverty and augment the global economy. While India has come a long way, maintaining the current pace would itself be challenging and require continued reform efforts. India will continue to face stagflation-type situation for some more time. The main reason for this are: the governments loose fiscal policy and persistent strong rise in real rural wage growth without an increase in productivity growth Stagflation means when economic growth of a country stagnates while inflation is rising. RBI lowered the economic growth projection for the current fiscal to 6.5 percent from its earlier estimate of 7.3 percent, stating rising government expenditure poses risks to economic stability. Its inflation forecast for the fiscal ending March, 2013 has also been raised to 7 percent from earlier projection of 6.5 percent. According to reports, monetary policy has a limited role in this stagflation-type environment. Moreover, the inflation outlook remains challenging. Indeed, given the poor progress of the monsoon, in reality food and overall inflation will likely accelerate in the coming months. Measures to control Indian stagflation: India may have progressed on paper and on screen but do we see the progress on the streets of India? There are millions of people still surviving in India on an income of less than one dollar a day. India can never be considered a developed country unless and until the poverty, hunger and pain of the poor on the streets and those living in the slums is curbed. Lately the government of India has come up with several developmental plans and no doubt it has helped boost the economy of the Country in some ways. But the long term impact of these plans do not seem to serve the purpose, or what should be the purpose of any government, that is, prosperity of the common man. Investment is pouring in from within the Country and abroad, but the poor man is getting poorer. In order to be considered a developed Country, India needs to focus on the common man. It is not only the Governments role to make India a developed nation. People of the country should also take responsibility. Improve infrastructure Liberalize financial markets Increase agricultural productivity Increase quality and quantity of universities More importance to rural household Proper health facilities in rural and urban areas Raise educational achievement Citizens must do charity with enough disposable income Job creation Raise educational achievement Introduce a credible fiscal policy Improve governance

The Lord Of The Rings :: essays research papers

The Lord Of The Rings My favorite character in this book would have to be Legolas. He was the best elf with a bow and arrow, and his skill with a blade was unmatched. A prince of the Elven Kingdom of Mirkwood, he has keen eyesight and sharp ears, a characteristic of his race. Though the fellowship that set forth from Rivendell has dwindled to but three, still the friendship that binds these three holds strong. Legolas, Aragorn, and Gimli hold to each other through hardships and peril, in spite of their differences. As we consider the Lord of the Rings, we need to think of the characters who make up what was called the â€Å"fellowship.† Nine were the number that made up this group, but they were not all what we would call men. Four were called Hobbits, little people that might also to some be called leprechauns. These were folks that lived in open meadows under the roots of trees or perhaps dug their homes out of the sides of banks alongside the roads. Their homes were not caves, but were elaborate dwellings that could rival the homes of many of the people who we meet today. The one thing we could truly say about the Hobbits is the fact that they loved life and celebrated it to the fullest. One example of this is the birthday celebration of Bilbo Baggins. Even though it was just a birthday party, there was fireworks, dancing, and enough grog to make a Hobbit’s head spin. There was even a cake that rivaled the size of the largest Hobbit. One other peculiar item I would like to inse rt at this time was the fact that they wore no shoes. To me it is no big deal to be barefoot, but later on in the story it could have been a problem, but as they were always this way it posed no problems The second group in this fellowship was the group called â€Å"men.† Aragorn and Borimir were the two that made up this group. Aragorn at first was presented as a â€Å"ranger.† Rangers were those, and they did not have to be men, who protected the world. They were those who preferred to spend their lives alone, wandering the earth. It was only later on that we find out that he was the son of a king, a king who had disgraced himself years before, and showed himself to be a loyal friend and protector of the one who bore â€Å"the ring.

The Role Of Discretionary Fund Management Accounting Essay

The topic of Discretionary Fund Management for IFAs divides sentiment. Some see it as an indispensable tool in supplying an holistic service to clients. Others see it as an unneeded and potentially dearly-won craze. As usual, the truth lies someplace between these two extremes. Used right, aˆÂ ¦ However, there are legion considerations etc This usher will explicate what DFM is and the cardinal considerations. Most significantly, it will assist you to place whether Discretionary Fund Management can profit your clients, and the stairss that should be taken to set in topographic point an effectual DFM service. ROLE OF DISCRETIONARY FUND MANAGEMENT Discretionary Fund Management involves deputing the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours investing determinations to a professional investing director, normally referred to as a â€Å" Discretionary Manager † . The Discretionary Manager will specialise in pull offing investing portfolios, and the purpose is that they will possess a higher degree of cognition and experience than a general fiscal advisor. The Discretionary Manager will take duty pull offing the client ‘s portfolio, and does non necessitate to obtain blessing for the client for single determinations. They will alternatively utilize their expertness to run into the client ‘s aims, which will be agreed at the beginning. While the advisor and client will keep regular contact with the Discretionary Manager, for the agreement to work efficaciously it is indispensable that the Discretionary Manaher is given liberties over twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours determination devising. The advisor ‘s function is still an of import 1, as the Manager will be working towards run intoing whatever wants and needs the advisor has agreed with the client. It is besides critical to emphasize that while the activity may be delegated, the advisor can non depute regulative duty for run intoing the client ‘s demands. Economic Backdrop? RULES AND REGULATION While it can non be credited with kickstarting the usage of Discretionary Managemtn by IFAs, the Retail Distribution Review ( RDR ) has brought the ( issue to the forefront.. ) , peculiarly in the runup to the RDR â€Å" deadline † ( 31st December 2012 ) . One of the key alterations brought by the RDR is that it will widen the scope of merchandises that an Independent Financial Adviser must see within client portfolios, which for many will necessitate increased expertness and more robust procedures for research and due diligence. As a consequence, increasing Numberss of IFAs are looking towards Discretionary Fund Management to help them with run intoing their regulative duties. Resource Wage Expertness However, advisors need to be cognizant that neglecting to utilize Discretionary Directors right could ensue in them transgressing regulative regulations, instead than helping them. Recent counsel from the FSA stated that houses would necessitate to see a broad scope of investing solutions in the market before urging a Discretionary investing service. & lt ; analyse paper and cardinal findings & gt ; FSA CIP paper This counsel from the regulator underlines the importance of robust due diligence before come ining into a discretional agreement, and besides highlights their concerns with clients potentially being â€Å" shoe-horned † into unsuitable agreements. Tax The cardinal revenue enhancement consideration with discretional fund agreements is that for each dealing within a Disretionary portfolio, a possible Capital Additions Tax ( CGT ) liability arises. Each sale is treated as a disposal for CGT intents, and any addition on that sale is added to the sum of the client ‘s nonexempt additions in that revenue enhancement twelvemonth. Any losingss on gross revenues can be offset against additions, and any additions above the client ‘s one-year freedom ( ?10,600 for 2012/13 ) are taxed at either 18 % or 28 % , depending on the client ‘s entire nonexempt income. It is the duty of the advisor and the client to guarantee that these additions are documented on the client ‘s one-year self-assessment. This means that the Discretionary director will necessitate to be familiar with the client ‘s revenue enhancement personal businesss to avoid making unneeded liabilities. The FSA have besides made it clear that they expect revenue enhancement to be taken into history when measuring the suitableness of any investing solutions This once more highlights the demand for the advisor to place the client ‘s fortunes and ends to outset, and for there to be a clear definition of duties between client, advisor and Discretionary Manager. Another possible complication is that the European Court of Justice has late recommended that all elements of discretional direction services should be capable to VAT. While the full deductions of this recommendation are yet to be clear, this is something that all advisors will necessitate to maintain an oculus on traveling frontward. Appropriate Tax WRAPPERS/PLATFORMS As revenue enhancement is an of import factor to see, the pick of revenue enhancement negligees and platforms used to ease Discretionary Management is highly of import. We will supply an overview of the most common below. This is non an thorough list, but is intended to cover the most common negligees available. ISA – Individual Savings Accounts are available to all UK occupants aged 18 and over ( although cash-only ISAs are available to occupants 16 and over ) . The ISA acts as a â€Å" negligee † , within which all additions are free from income and capital additions revenue enhancement. As discetionaryu minutess can incur a CGT liability, ISAs are a potentially valuable tool to minimise revenue enhancement liabilities. The chief drawback with ISAs is that one-year parts bounds are comparatively low ( ?11,280 for 2012/13 ) , and it can take many old ages to construct up the size of portfolio where Discretionary Management is likely to be most effectual. However, a cardinal portion of sound fiscal advice is that clients should maximize their one-year ISA parts whenever possible. SIPP – Another common revenue enhancement negligee for DFM is the SIPP ( Self-Invested Personal Pension ) . SIPPs are a specific type of Personal Pension, and portion the common features as below: Contributions – Contributions upto ?50,000 per input period ( revenue enhancement twelvemonth for most persons ) receive income revenue enhancement alleviation. This is known as the â€Å" Annual Allowance † threshold. Tax Relief – Contributions receive full revenue enhancement alleviation upto the client ‘s highest fringy rate. For illustration, a higher rate taxpayer will have revenue enhancement alleviation of 40 % on all parts paid into a Personal Pension. Eligibility – Clients must be UK occupant and under the age of 75 to put up a Personal Pension Plan and obtain revenue enhancement alleviation on parts. Personal Pensions enable the client to do big parts, which will turn in a tax-efficient environment. The major disadvantage is that under pension legilsation benefits can non by and large be accessed until age 55, and even at this point there are limitations on how benefits can be taken. Typically a client will buy an rente ( income for life ) with their pension fund, or pull down financess from the strategy within authorities bounds. While pension financess these yearss are used for an increasing assortment of intents, it is of import to emphasize that for most clients the cardinal intent is to supply for an income in retirement. SIPPs differ from conventional Personal Pensions in that they allow a greater scope of investings to be held, giving more freedom to do investing determinations. This flexibleness lends itself to DFM services, as the specializer fund director can The downside is that charges It is of import to set up whether the SIPP will let DFM, and what the costs of this will be. These costs should be factored in when measuring whether DFM services are appropriate for the client. usage SIPP instance survey Offshore INVESTMENT Chemical bond Investing Chemical bonds are corporate investings written under Life Insurance statute law. The regulations may at first glimpse appear esoteric, but a house apprehension is required to place their possible usage for Dicretionary Fund Manahement and fiscal planning in general. A thorough analysis of Investment Bonds is beyond the range of this article, but a brief overview will follow. The Life Insurance is normally nominal, with the huge bulk of the investing applied to the financess held within. The investing financess are capable to life company revenue enhancement on income and capital additions, with no farther liability for the investor. Offshore bonds ( typically based in revenue enhancement oasiss such as the Isle of Man or Jersey ) differ from conventional onshore bonds in that investing returns can are rolled-up without farther revenue enhancement, which enables investings to be switched without incurring a CGT liability. Tax is basically deferred until enchashment. This construction offers possible advantages for DFM, as switches can be made without CGT being an issue. Clients utislising a DFM service are likely to be higher rate revenue enhancement remunerators due to the big amounts typically involved, and it is possible to postpone encashment to a point where they are no longer higher rate revenue enhancement remunerators, cut downing the overall revenue enhancement payable. Offshore Chemical bonds do non hold the little part bounds of ISAs, and there is greater flexibleness than a SIPP over how and when benefits can be taken. As a consequence, they are normally used in Discretionary Fund Management. However, it is of import to emphasize that they do non keep the same revenue enhancement advantages. A common misconception is that Offshore Bonds are â€Å" tax-exempt † , but the financess are taxed within the bond, and there may be a farther revenue enhancement liability at encashment. They are besides well more complex, and must be used carefully to optimise revenue enhancement efficiency. Platform Over recent old ages, â€Å" Platforms † are going an progressively common tool in IFA services. Platforms are described by the FSA: ‘Internet based services used by mediators ( and sometimes clients ) to position and administer investings. They tend to offer a scope of tools which allow advisors to see and analyze a client ‘s overall portfolio, and to take merchandises for them. Equally good as set uping minutess, platforms by and large arrange detention for clients ‘ assets ‘ â€Å" Wrap † is the term typically used to depict a type of platform that offers entree to a broad scope of investings, with an â€Å" unbundled † bear downing system where payments to fund directors and advisors are crystalline. They besides provide hard currency direction installations, and enable all investings to be held in one topographic point, cutting down on paperwork and easing the administrative load. In the context of DFM, there is a possible struggle as both the platform and DFM will necessitate detention of the assets held, and this ab initio created barriers to the two services being used together. It is going more platitude for DFMs and Wrap suppliers to work together, and at that place will frequently be a list of DFMs available via the Wrap. An advantage of utilizing DFM via a wrap is that the advisor can keep sight and a degree of control over the assets held, and it is besides possible to choose which portion of the portfolio the DFM has entree to. This can do it easier to see how the financess under discretional direction tantrum into the overall image for the client. The obvious disadvantage is that the wrap adds another bed of bear downing to the service. This once more steers the service towards higher cyberspace worth clients, and emphasises the demand to place clients for whom discretional direction AND wrap disposal are an indispensable demand instead than an expensive luxury. ADVANTAGES OF DFM Advocates of DFM point to several benefits from IFAs in utilizing this service. Improved Investment Performance – although this can non be guaranteed, the increased investing expertness and specializer cognition of the discretional director should hopefully take to overall greater investing returns Frees up clip and resource – a common ailment from IFAs is that they spread themselves excessively thin. The clip and resource they would otherwise hold spent on twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours montoring of investings can in theory be put to more effectual usage in other countries. The obvious illustration is that it allows the advisor to pass more clip with the client, constructing relationships and looking at a holistic image of their fortunes and aims. Speed – As the DFM is able to move without the client ‘s consent, they can respond more rapidly to altering fortunes, and take advantage of new chances that arise. Reduced Investment Risk – The DFM ‘s greater cognition and deepness of research should enable the building of a more diversified portfolio, which can cut down the impact of investing volatility. DISADVANTAGES OF DFM On the other side of the coin, critics of DFM cite a figure of hazards and drawbacks to utilizing a DFM service Fees and charges – Discretionary direction services do non come cheaply, and it adds another bed of payments that the client must run into, either from their fund or their ain pocket. In order for the service to be of value to the client, the DFM must reimburse these extra charges through improved investing public presentation. Many argue that the existent benefit provided by DFMs is limited. Impact on Adviser/Client Relationship – DFM involves a 3rd party taking twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours investing determinations on behalf of the client. For many clients, this raises the inquiry of what the fiscal advisor is making to warrant THEIR fees. Unless the client sees the value of the advisor ‘s function, this can hold a negative consequence on the client ‘s relationship with the advisor. Lack of Control – The DFM will hold authorization to do determinations without confer withing the advisor. There is the hazard that the DFM will non pull off the investings in the manner the advisor and client expected, particularly if the original footings of the understanding and the client ‘s aims were obscure. To battle against this, the advisor will necessitate to supervise the activities of the DFM. The enticement could be for the advisor to pass valuable clip watching what the DFM is making, particularly if the advisor does non hold full assurance in the DFM. Regulatory duty – As has been stressed antecedently, the advisor is still responsible for the overall service being provided to the client. A hapless DFM non merely reflects severely on the advisor ; it can set down the advisor in hot H2O with the FSA! Cardinal COMPONENTS OF A DISCRETIONARY MANAGEMENT SERVICE Therefore far we have explained the function of the DFM, the relevant regulations and ordinance, and distribution channels for DFM services such as revenue enhancement negligees and platforms. We have besides provided what are considered to be the most common advantages and disadvantages in a DFM service. We will now concentrate on the stairss that should be taken Client Cleavage Central to the service being provided is the client. Discretionary Fund Manahement services are unoikely to be of value to clients who do non necessitate them, and alternatively do jobs. Besides, the advisor runs the hazard of falling foul of the regulator if clients are non provided with suited solutions to their demands. The FSA identified that â€Å" shoe-horning † of unsuitable clients into DFM agreements was s important concern, and highlighted that Size of Fund: As the Discretionary Manager will incur charges, it is improbable to be suited for clients with financess of less ?100,000 to put Control: With a discretional service determinations will be made without the client ‘s blessing Engagement: How frequently does the client want to be involved twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours etc Trust: Is the client willing to release control to another professional. Inserts another person into the client/adviser relationship Aims – What is the client looking to accomplish with their investings? Clients with more conservative ends are less likely to be suited for a DFM service. Due Diligence Degree of Discretion Investing Vehicles Client Meetings Goals Reporting Charges Wage Documentation Review – Even if the above stairss have been completed, there is no warrant that the agreement will be successful. CASE STUDIES Decision

Communtiy service assignement Essay

In your own words, answer the following questions. 1. What does the term ‘risk of significant harm’ mean? Answer q1. If the circumstances that are causing concerns for the safety welfare and wellbeing are present to significant extent. 2. What are the types of child abuse? Answer for q2. 1.physical 2.sexual 3.neglect 4.phychological 3. Identify three possible indicators or signs for each type of child abuse/neglect. Answers q3 1 physical > bruising behaviour problems depression anxiety 2 sexual > bed wetting ,nightmares , scared of people touching them 3 neglect >can be unbathed dirty, little to no food ,too big or small clothing thats dirty 4. What does the term ‘mandatory reporter’ mean? Answer q4 a mandatory reporter is a person that delivers health care education or children services to a child/ren under 16 and authorise by the department community services and required to make reports 5. Why is it important to adopt an ‘interagency approach’? Answer q5 1,promoting a partnership approach to child protection Task 2 Read the case studies below and answer the questions that follow. Jamele You are a worker in a family support agency. Your service offers facilitated playgroups each week to young and isolated mothers. Jamelle is a 1year old and attends each week with her mother. Jamelle is a very timid and does not interact with other children during play time. On a few occasions Jamelle has arrived with several large bruises which Jamelle’s mother has explained as accidents that had occurred whilst Jamelle was attempting to walk by  herself. Jamelle often arrives smelling strongly of stale urine and appearing dirty and unwashed. When they arrived today for the playgroup Jamelle had bloodshot eyes and was very drowsy. Jamelle’s mother reported that Jamelle had not slept well that night and would probably need a lot of sleep today. During the session Jamelle began to vomit. 1. What are the indicators of risk? Answer q1. 1.neglect 2.abuse 3.suspected risk of significant harm 2. How you would respond to this situation? Answer q2 1.document and report to supervisor 2.investigate or possible involvement of police and DOCS 3.call ambulance to protect the health and safety of the child 3. How would you prepare to make a report? Answer q3 1. time and date sign all documented 2.follow all policy and procedures in your work place 3.details of child ,dob name , address phone number, parent or carer if child has disability any back ground if known 4.document what the mother has stated 4. Who would you notify and when? Answer q4 1.immediately discuss situation with your supervisor after you suspect the abuse to the child 5. What actions/work practices you would take as a follow up from the report. Answer q5 1.offer support and help for family 2.services for family eg counselling parental courses 3.comply with your work place policy and procedures Taj You are case worker in a local service that supports families where one of the parents has a mental illness. Your service offers a range of support services, one of which is a weekly support group for children aimed at  reducing isolation and developing coping skills for dealing with a parent with mental illness. Taj is a 10 year old boy who attends the service weekly. Taj is popular with both the staff and his peers and likes to participate in most activities. After the last school holidays, Taj returned to the service a changed child, he has become aggressive and picks fights with his peers. He has also become aggressive towards the other male worker and is isolating himself. Taj has started wearing jumpers and long pants, even on warmer days and refuses to remove any clothing when he shows clear signs of being overheated. During an activity, Taj’s jumper became caught on the table and pulled up revealing a mass of red welts and recent burn scarring on his stomach and back area. Over the last few weeks Taj has drawn some explicit sexual pictures during art activities and has been using very sexualised language. 1. What are the indicators of risk? Answers q1 Aggressive behaviour, picks fights, red welts, bur ns 1.physical 2.sexual 3.neglect 2. How you would respond to this situation? Answer q2 1.ask taj whats happening while on school holidays also contact the family 2. report and document speak to principal and report to your supervisor 3.make a child proctection report to DOCS and police 3. How would you prepare to make a report? Answer q3 names and addresses of the child and his parents or responsible caregiver(s) child’s age and gender nature and extent of injury, maltreatment or neglect   approximate date and time the injury, maltreatment or neglect occurred the circumstances in which the injuries, became known to case worker previous injury, abuse/ neglect of the child or siblings  name of the person suspected to have caused the injury, sexual abuse/ neglect any action taken to treat or help the child and sign   any other information the caseworker believes would be helpful What actions/work practices you would take as a follow up from the report. 1 your repsonsibilty regarding the safety welfare or wellbeing of the child does not cease once report has been made docs it is still your responsibilty to use professional resources to provide support appropriate to your role and identify and respond to any concerns for the young childs welfare Karli Karli is a 16 year old resident in a youth refuge. She is quite precocious and outgoing with all the residents. After the first few days, you noticed that she was flirting with one of the male youth workers. This is not an unusual situation and generally does not create major issues. Expectations that staff not engage in any relationship other than a professional helping relationship are clearly outlined in the agency code of conduct, staff recruitment and ongoing professional development and training. You have noticed over the last few weeks that the worker Jackson appears to be flirting back. You have noticed that there is a lot of incidental touching between them and while you have seen no touching that is clearly inappropriate you can â€Å"feel† a lot of sexual energy between them when they are interacting. You have tried to raise it in discussion but Jackson is dismissive and will not engage on the topic. 1. How you would respond to this situation? Answer q1 1.follow your work place policy and procedures 2.report incidents of your observation to your supervisor 3.discuss your concerns with jackson and karli 2. What ethical issues may arise when responding to these situations? Answer q2 1.breaching the client and workers code of ethics 2.client history and vulnerability and mental status 3.disscussion of sexual or romatic relationship have occurred 4.conflict of interest 5.mandatory and disciplinary action for the case worker Task 3 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow. Joseph Personal Information about Joseph Date of Birth: 31/10/04 Full Name: Joseph Timothy Drake Address: 13 Short St, Parker Languages spoken: Chinese and English Nationality: Chinese Other children: Only child Mother: Lis’s (09) 7476 9435 & Partner: Jake (no number provided) You are a community worker in a multicultural resource centre. Your service runs a range of programs to support and assist people from culturally diverse backgrounds. Many of your clients have limited social resources and one of the programs that is offered is a women’s friendship group which aims to reduce the isolation of women. Lis attends the friendship group each week. Lis lives with her son, Joseph who is 5 years old. She has had a series of failed relationships and is currently seeing Jake who you have never met. Lis has engaged you in a number of conversations over several weeks, where she often breaks down and discloses details about fights she has had with her partner. Last week, Lis recounted the events of the previous weekend, when she forgot to leave the key under the door mat and so her boyfriend broke the front door and came in yelling at Lis. Joseph was still up with her at this time, and Lis continued to say that she was worried Joseph had seen her get hit several times by Jake. Lis appears increasingly concerned that he might do something to Joseph as he keeps threatening her and arriving late at night after drinking. This week Lis turns up to the group with Joseph, although children are not part of the group. Lis mentions she is very upset as Jake had come home late again and there had been some trouble. During the group you notice that Joseph is aggressive with Lis and does not engage with other people. At one point Joseph wets his pants and you organise for a change of clothes. While Lis is changing Joseph you notice a large impact bruise on his back. When you approach Joseph lashes out. 1. Where would you find information on how your service responds to Child Protection issues? Answer q1 1. document and report to supervisor the worries and fears mother has for herself and joseph 2.ask mother consent to fill out incident report 3.mandatory reporting guide 4.multicultural services,internet/google 5.child protection helpline 2. List the legislative acts that govern Child Protection Services in your state/territory. Answer q2 1.family law act 1975 2.law reform act 1995 3.family law amended act 2006 4.national quality standards 5.onbudsman amendment act 1998 6.children and young person (care and protection) act 1998 7.children legislation amendment act 2009

The Election of 1956 essays

The Election of 1956 essays The election of 1956, 48 states were in the union at that time and Dwight Eisenhower was president. Even though Eisenhower had not made and major changes during his first term he was still the publics for choice for the next election. In a poll taken in 1954, 65% of Americans had approved of the job he was doing. Some critics reflected his as lazy. Saying he rather be golfing, one of his own speech writers once described his as an oaf. But never the less he was unanimously nominated for the Republican ticket in 1956 along with Richard Nixon for vice president, who won with 457 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. For the Democrats Adlai E. Stevensons was anomously nominated and excepted the nomination. This campaign was won of the calmest in American history, for the same candidates ran in the election of 1952. Not many people thought the democrats even had a chance against Eisenhower. at a picnic at Eisenhowers farm in Gettysburg, where he officially began his campaign, He addressed the leaders attending on the top two issues: his health and Richard Nixons place on the ticket. He assured them he felt fine. And Richard Nixon assured them he would be able to fulfill the duties of president.Dwight Eisenhower was one of the most popular American leaders. British General Bernard C. Montgomery, who had fought in the war with Eisenhower is quoted saying He merely had to smile at you and you trusted in him at once. As a great World War II General people saw him as a sign of hope for peace in the post war era. He was elected in to office in 1952 by and overwhelming margin and an even greater one in 1956. In the 1956 election people were sure he would be re-elected, but they were not sure if he would accept the Republican parties nomination. Eisenhower suffers some medical ...

Living in a Samoan Fale (house)

Living in a Samoan Fale (house) The type of materials that was once used in construction of structures that people used to live in among the Maori people was the things that they would find readily available in the swamps as well as the forests. They would gather up all their building materials after sifting through what they needed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Living in a Samoan Fale (house) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This mainly consisted of grass, reeds bark from trees as well as wood. The first people to get there from foreign lands were taught how to put up their structures using various natural materials. The use of other types of building materials such as bricks was not been embraced. The forest cover was quite extensive and this ensured that the supply of wood and bark as well as other materials used in construction was inexhaustible. The structures that the people put up were made of wood on the inside as well as the outside. Th e inner sides of the walls were made of large pieces of wood which was mostly covered in a textile that was woven. This material was called scrim. The outermost layer was wallpaper. The roofs of their shelters which were formed from wooden material were draughty and when it rained, the effects were felt on the inside with the rain dripping into the shelters. Pegs that were made from wood were used to hold the joints fast together. It is good to try and maintain the conventional lifestyle that was once the main style of living. One of the styles that one ought to try and consider is living in a Samoan Fale. The types of structures are very simple to come up with since everything is straight forward. The materials do not require a lot of work to acquire the right ones. Getting the wood is almost the easiest part of it. The good thing about this types of structures is that they are open and do not entail a lot of details. The structure consists of an open room that is very easily acces sible. There are also no windows to the structure which is one feature that makes it quite unique. The whole idea behind the construction of these structures is to have an open but enclosed area. It gives one plenty of space to move around. The space is suitable for people who may be claustr4phobic. It is also suitable for the people who like to have a lot of freedom. The structure enables one to move around without any obstruction of sorts that may normally interrupt people’s movement. The floors are simple and do not entail the complex materials that are used to construct the more contemporary houses. In general, it can be argued that apart from missing the luxuries that contemporary homes offer one, a Samoan Fale offers a sense of freedom that can only be found there. An individual can relax and take time off to reflect on issue that may be affecting their lives while resting in a Fale.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you ! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is unlike a modern home which gives one the feeling of being enclosed within the confines of walls which may act as a lock out mechanism. The feeling of locking out the world from ones self is normally associated with depression. The Samoan Fale can help one avoid depression by getting them to feel like they are part and parcel of the society. One important aspect of the Samoan Fale is that it helps simplify the construction and is environment friendly. There is little damage that is done to the environment compared to the other types of houses which entail a lot of work that may eventually play a major role in affecting the environment. By playing a role in conserving the nature, one will leave their mark in the world when they are no longer here. By Living in a Samoan Fale, one can experience many things that they would have not been able to go through before. The feeling of being attachà © d to nature is one of the positive feelings that the structure will offer one. Most people suffer from the stress that is associated with everyday goings on. This may include work and domestic related stress. Living in a Samoan Fale may give one a route with which they can escape from the hustle and bustle of daily living. It may be considered the equivalent of camping out in the wild although it is not exactly out there in the wild. An individual may learn to appreciate the true aspects of nature when they live in a Samoan Fale. Appreciating the beauty of the structure among other things is only the first step in achieving self satisfaction which is very important for people. Structures that have been designed with the Samoan Fale in mind are very beautiful and can attract a lot of attention. They are unique and have a blend of modern styles and contemporary art. They appeal to all people who see them and they are also easy to construct. The benefits of living in a Samoan Fale are countless. It is a goo d inspirational tool and will motivate anyone who lives in it to try and do something different.

Analysis Price Of The Unipacket Petrol

The present project is the analysis of the data we collected. The data was collected from four locations – Inner city, Outskirts of city, Suburbs and remote regions. The data regarding the oil prices were collected from equal number of locations. The brands of oils were Shell and Caltex. Data was collected from 224 stations, equally divided amongst the two stations. The response variable of the study is the price of the unipacket petrol. The independent variables are the station from which the petrol is being purchased and the location of the petrol station. The research question for the project is: Does location of the station affect the price of petrol? To answer the above research question three hypothesis were developed. Null Hypothesis: The station brand has no effect on the price of petrol Alternate hypothesis: The station brand has an effect on the price of petrol. Null Hypothesis: The Location of the station has no effect on the price of petrol Alternate Hypothesis: The Location of the station has an effect on the price of petrol Null Hypothesis: There is no effect of the station brand and the location of the petrol station on the price of petrol Alternate Hypothesis: The station brand and the location of the petrol station is linked by the price of petrol. To answer the above question we used the two factorial ANOVA. Table 1: Frequency of Station brand and Location of the petrol station Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the price of petrol based on the Station brand and Location of the station a. R Squared = .416 (Adjusted R Squared = .397) Table 3: Between subject effects of the price of petrol based on the Station brand and Location of the station From table 3 we find that there are statistically significant interaction between the station brand of petrol and the location of the petrol station, F(3,216)= 40.393, p = 0.000. We also find that there are statistically significant differences between the station brand and the price of petrol F(1,216)=6.272, p = 0.013. In addition, we also find that there are statistically significant differences between the location of the petrol station and the price of the petrol F(3,216) = 8.843, p = 0.000. From figure 1 and table 2 we find that the price of station brand â€Å"S† petrol is the lowest at the outskirts of the city, and the highest at the remote region. The price of station brand â€Å"NS† is the highest at the outskirts of the city and the lowest at the inner city location. From the above analysis we find that the price of unipacket petrol varies with the location and the brand of petrol station. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Case Report Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Report - Case Study Example Caritas of Australia is one such non-governmental human services organization for international aid and development. It is one of the biggest humanitarian networks assisting the poorest of the poor worldwide (â€Å"Our Mandate,† n. d). Community development principles and theories can aid such organizations to function in a better way. This report will discuss in detail about the various community development principles, models, and theories that can be incorporated by Caritas to enhance the welfare of the citizens. Caritas renders helping hand to people regardless of their social and political ideologies, religion and, gender (â€Å"Our Mandate,† n. d). Caritas works with great care and compassion towards vulnerable people affected by humanitarian crises or natural disasters and strives hard to help them live a dignified life. At times of adversity, it provides a bonfire of hope for millions of sufferers and at times of peace it contributes to the development of an impartial society (â€Å"Our Mandate,† n. d). It plays a significant role in transforming the vulnerable people to become the architects of their own future through fair treatment and empowerment. Caritas works on rigorous grounds to strengthen the local capacity, improves access to indispensable services, upholds the natural resources, and empowers the poor by creating them opportunities for education and employment (â€Å"Our Mandate,† n. d). Caritas’s underlying principles are based on Catholic Social Teaching (CST) which lays emphasis on human dignity, uninterrupted access to basic resources, people’s participation in their life changing decision making, solidarity in diversity, compassion towards poor, promotion of economic justice, respect for the environment and encouragement of peace all over the world (â€Å"Our Values,† n. d). If community development principles and theories were adopted in addition to the above mentioned CST

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Response - Essay Example .and peers are readily available" (Carter, 2012). If this type of system is instituted at an early age it will also help all children become more accepting of those with differences.   There are a variety of inventions that can be used to help children with autism develop social skills. I think that the researchers used playtime to implement the social intervention, because it allowed them to use both coaching/training techniques. Play time is an ideal time when children are able to communicate freely with one another in a carefree manner. The researchers picked this time maybe because they felt that the student with autism would feel less targeted by on lookers. The techniques of intervention procedures pre-teaching/modeling, prompting, and praise/reward can be used during lessons where teachers are practicing co-operative learning. Working at stations is also a great way to implement social skill intervention as they must work together sharing information at stations. Positive reinforcement would help students continue with their social interactions. Praise often helps students feel better and confident about the situation. Also peer assistants can help build the confidence of autistic children by providing assistance until they reach a point when they feel they can interact independently. The paper was excellent with clear and succinct points regarding the advantages of playtime sessions. One point that I really loved about the essay was where you recommend that positive reinforcement would help the students to gear up for social interactions in reality. This can also been confirmed by a research carried out which states that â€Å"positive reinforcement for desired target behaviors is highly effective in the education of children with autism† (Schmidt & Heybyrne 2004 p.2) However regarding the stations I do have questions as to how it would benefit the children with autism by sharing information on the stations ? 1. Why

Scientific Discovery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scientific Discovery - Essay Example trick B Sharp discusses how Wells had established the connection of atomic bomb in his book Savage Perils where Wells extrapolated the work of British chemist named Frederick Soddy, who worked on radioactivity. It was remarkable that Wells has mentioned that term on the pages of his book ‘The World Set Free’ in 1914, which made it obvious that the forecast of the writers may prove to be very accurate. Dr. Patrick B. Sharp quoted that the term â€Å"atomic bomb† was coined by H. G. Wells and he was the one who popularized the same. The fiction of Wells led to a scientific breakthrough. The application of principles in atomic energy and radioactivity combined to create the â€Å"Atomic Bomb† that was used during World War II. The moral question was whether or not this astounding discovery is used for the betterment of the society or for destruction. It was analyzed by many groups that the contributions of the atomic bomb in military technology and misuse for war purposes, was real and could lead to death of millions of people. Despite the fact that it can be used as nuclear power to harness enormous energy, the moral responsibility of individual scientists in wartime was the bigger issue. The whole world is aware of what had happened when President Truman ordered to drop the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II. Japan feels the radioactive effect of destruction even today after more than 60 years. Today there are many nations in the world who has nuclear power and there is no guarantee that they would not use this technology to over-power their enemy, which will surely jeopardize the pursuit of life, liberty, or happiness of the common people. The atomic bomb dropping of America on Japan after World War II is the best instance that can be cited to prove the evil of this astounding scientific discovery. During that time, only few nations had nuclear power but today most of the nations have nuclear power, which they can use for acts of terrorism.

Consumer Privacy (Marketing Planning and Strategy) 2 Assignment

Consumer Privacy (Marketing Planning and Strategy) 2 - Assignment Example On the other hand, in the off-line sphere, the client has a chance to know the firm, personnel, or company that is on the receiving end as well as accepting or declining the idea to share their personal data. One can still argue that transmission of personal data in the offline world also travels by electronic means in numerous cases. For instance, the act of making a transaction with a credit card similarly involves data transmission electronically sometimes in the transaction. The difference is that the client is initially meddling with a firm or an individual. Although this does not alleviate the risks experienced by the consumer, it presents some real knowledge of the firm, or persons involved in the given transaction (Spiekermann, Grossklags & Berendt, 2001). From the above discussion, it is more rational to state that online world creates more privacy issues than offline. This is due to safety issues, since privacy information in a given database that was hacked or infiltrated might be utilized for criminal activities, a factor not possible in offline world (Ribbink et al, 2004). Spiekermann, S., Grossklags, J., & Berendt, B. (2001). E-privacy in 2nd generation E- commerce: privacy preferences versus actual behavior. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on Electronic Commerce (pp. 38-47).

OrganizationaL Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OrganizationaL Management - Assignment Example The equity theory further asserts that employees behave according to their perception. What the employer think is of no importance to an employee. The employer should ensure that any unpleasant outcomes of equity comparison are avoided when rewards are billed. Informed employers expect perceived negative inequities particularly when visible rewards such as promotions or bonuses are apportioned (Gayne & Deci, 2005). To manage equity concerns, the employers cautiously communicate the planned value of rewards being given and spell out the performance appraisals used in determining the allocation of rewards. In Perfect pizzeria, the employer who happens to be the operation manager applied the equity theory. All the employees are entitled to the same amount of reward. The manager’s act of working beside the employees’ served to show that all employees are equal and can work in any department because it enhances learning. The expectancy theory asserts that an employee is motivated to put more effort when he or she deems the efforts will result in a good performance review. The review will result in a reward that will fulfill the set objectives. An employee is highly motivated if the level of expectancy is high and the reward is appealing. Therefore, employers who seek to motivate the employees should fortify employee’s perception of their efforts as both feasible and valuable and make sure the rewards are attractive (Gayne & Deci, 2005). The operational manager of Perfect Pizzeria provides bonuses to the night managers on condition that the percentage of unsold food reduces. Each employee is entitled to free food after every six hours though it was later adjusted to 12 hours. The reinforcement theory analyzes the relationship between employee’s behavioral action and the subsequent consequence (Gayne & Deci, 2005). It focuses on adapting an employee to the behavior expected in the workplace through the appropriate use of the

P2P Bit Torrent (Torrents) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

P2P Bit Torrent (Torrents) - Assignment Example This makes it easy for people to download popular and huge files, like television programs and videos in a manner much faster than other protocols (Jagadeesh, 2012). When a person opens a web page and clicks on a link, he will have initiated a file download to the computer. Web browser software on the computer which serves as the client, tells the server (computer holding the required file) to transfer a copy of the file to the computer. The rate of transfer is affected by numerous dynamics, including the protocol type, the level of traffic from the server and the number of computers requesting the same file. If the file is both extensive and popular, a great demand is placed on the server and the download from the server (Kayne, 1). P2P File sharing is different from convectional file downloading. In P2P sharing a software program is used rather than a web browser, to locate computers with the required file. For the reason of these computers being typical and not acting as servers, they are referred to as peers. A user runs a P2P file-sharing program and a computer and sends out a request for the files the person wants to download (Utorrent, 2013). When the torrent client locates the computer with the required file on its hard drive, it initiates the download process. It is also possible for others using the same torrent client to obtain files they want from another person’s computer that has just downloaded the new file. This is referred to as seeding. The load of the file transfer is distributed among the computer that is exchanging the files. Some people choose to download files and once a download is complete, they terminate the torrent client connection. This is called leeching. This puts a limit on the number of computers that the software can search if a file is requested (Jagadeesh, 2012). Downloading different partitions of the file simultaneously helps to solve a common

OrganizationaL Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OrganizationaL Management - Assignment Example The equity theory further asserts that employees behave according to their perception. What the employer think is of no importance to an employee. The employer should ensure that any unpleasant outcomes of equity comparison are avoided when rewards are billed. Informed employers expect perceived negative inequities particularly when visible rewards such as promotions or bonuses are apportioned (Gayne & Deci, 2005). To manage equity concerns, the employers cautiously communicate the planned value of rewards being given and spell out the performance appraisals used in determining the allocation of rewards. In Perfect pizzeria, the employer who happens to be the operation manager applied the equity theory. All the employees are entitled to the same amount of reward. The manager’s act of working beside the employees’ served to show that all employees are equal and can work in any department because it enhances learning. The expectancy theory asserts that an employee is motivated to put more effort when he or she deems the efforts will result in a good performance review. The review will result in a reward that will fulfill the set objectives. An employee is highly motivated if the level of expectancy is high and the reward is appealing. Therefore, employers who seek to motivate the employees should fortify employee’s perception of their efforts as both feasible and valuable and make sure the rewards are attractive (Gayne & Deci, 2005). The operational manager of Perfect Pizzeria provides bonuses to the night managers on condition that the percentage of unsold food reduces. Each employee is entitled to free food after every six hours though it was later adjusted to 12 hours. The reinforcement theory analyzes the relationship between employee’s behavioral action and the subsequent consequence (Gayne & Deci, 2005). It focuses on adapting an employee to the behavior expected in the workplace through the appropriate use of the

Art Exhibit on Nature Essay Example for Free

Art Exhibit on Nature Essay The planet earth is the only known habitat for humankind. For millions of years, it served as the home to numerous living things such as animals, plants and people. More so, it has been a witness to many events that have shaped the course of world history. Because of this, it is suffice to say that our beloved Mother Earth has played a vital role in nourishing and sustaining the existence of humans. In return for all the benefits and nourishment that Mother Earth has provided to humans, human beings have showed their gratitude by expressing their appreciation and admiration for the beauty and splendor of nature. For centuries, human beings have captured the magnificence of the diversity and uniqueness of the environment which was shown using various art forms such as painting, sculptures, photography, architecture and many others. In line with this, throughout history, several art movements have emerged. There were the Classical, Renaissance, Baroque, Modernism and many others. The dominant and styles and themes differed in these art periods. However, there was one theme that has remained constant until the present day. This is known as landscape or nature art. This form of art is defined as the illustration of mountains, flora and fauna, bodies of water and the sky. More so, it is a celebration of the majestic beauty of nature. This trend in the art world has continued to persist throughout the ages. Aside from this, it has also evolved in terms of styles and techniques. Every part of the globe has developed their own approach on how to translate the beauty of nature into a canvas. Because of the variety in culture and tradition, nature and landscape artworks have surfaced as distinctive copies of the wonders of the environment. With this, nature had become a worldwide art phenomenon and these artworks have made nature a timeless masterpiece that will be forever treasured and recognized. On the other hand, due to changing times, the seemingly everlasting beauty of nature is apparently gradually diminishing. If before humans respected the significant role of Mother Earth in the cycle of life, nowadays, humans have abandoned their vital task of being the steward. Instead of taking care of the natural wonders of the world, humans have opted to obliterate it. This sudden change was caused by the desire to improve the ways of living of people. Initially, the intention may seem innocent and harmless but if one would look closely, traces of selfishness and greed can be uncovered. People wanted to advance the human race but at the expense of damaging the environment. Because of this, a drastic natural occurrence has been plaguing the contemporary society. This has claimed lives of many people and destroyed millions worth of properties. This phenomenon has been labeled as climate change or global warming. In the recent years, Mother Earth has been experiencing unusual changes such as the increase in temperature of the atmosphere, extinction of some animal and plant species, loss of land mass and many others. These alterations have posted an alarming threat to the existence of many living things. If humans would permit this condition to carry on, in time people would be left homeless and without any nourishment. To help intensify awareness on the present state of the environment, an art exhibit will be put up. This exhibit will showcase the nature artworks of American artist, Ansel Adams, French painter, Paul Cezanne, and a Japanese artisan named Hokusai. The objective of the exhibit is to help the viewers realize the importance and connection of nature with the existence of humans. More so, this nature-themed art exhibit will explore the various perceptions of artists on nature from different periods. It will demonstrate how people saw and appreciated the beauty of the environment during their respective eras. By incorporating artists from different continents such as North America, Europe and Asia, viewers will also be given a 360 degrees view of the world’s most beautiful places. Hopefully, after they have seen the exhibit, the viewers will have a new-found respect on the beauty and vigor of Mother Earth. Ansel Adams is an American photographer who has mastered the artistry of capturing wonderful shots of landscapes in scenic places strewn all over the United States. Aside from being an artist, he was also a dedicated environmentalist â€Å"who encouraged understanding of, and respect for, the natural environment. † Even though he initially got noticed as a noted photographer in commercial photography, he excelled in the field of landscape photography (Notablebiographies. com). The black and white landscape photographs have become Adams’ trademarks. Two of Adams most recognized photographs are the â€Å"The Tetons and Snake River, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming† and â€Å"‘Old Faithful’ geyser, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming† (TheHistoryPlace. com). Adams was commissioned to take these pictures for the National Park Service in 1941. The photographs were intended to be used to make the â€Å"photo mural for the Department of the Interior Building in Washington, DC. † The main theme was focused on showcasing nature â€Å"exemplified and protected in the U. S. National Parks† (U. S. National Archives and Records Administration). These two photographs have illustrated the grandiose and picturesque beauty of the mountain ranges and national parks in the US. Furthermore, he used his creativity to â€Å"preserve the wilderness and one of the first to promote photography as an art form† (TheHistoryPlace. com). Paul Cezanne is considered as one of the masters of post-Impressionism. He is also well-known for pioneering an avant-garde movement then called cubism in the late 1800s. Because of his quirkiness and modern styles, Cezanne was misunderstood by the people. But this did not discourage him to advance his creativity. He â€Å"grew out of Impressionism and eventually challenged all the conventional values of painting in the 19th century through its insistence on personal expression and on the integrity of the painting itself. † Through these innovations, he was recognized as the â€Å"father of modern painting† (Pioch). But before Cezanne ventured into cubism, he created several simple yet exquisite landscape paintings that â€Å"immortalized the Provencal countryside† in France. In his two paintings, â€Å"Etude: Paysage a Auvers† (Study: Landscape at Auvers) and â€Å"Jas de Buffan† (The Pool), Cezanne was able to depict nature as real as he can. These two oil paintings were generated in 1873 and 1876 respectively. For Cezanne, nature cannot be accurately duplicated in a canvas. He tried to link the natural and artistic worlds by showing his own perceptions about nature. In relation to this, most of his artworks are advised to be seen as a whole and not per part in order to fully appreciate their artistic essence (Pioch). Hokusai is a famous Japanese painter. Compared to the previous artists, his choice of material for painting is unconventional. Hokusai used wood as his canvas to celebrate the beauty of nature. A native of Edo, which is now called Tokyo, Hokusai is regarded as â€Å"one of the outstanding figures of the Ukiyo-e or pictures of the floating world (everyday life), school of printmaking† (Pioch). In the â€Å"The Breaking Wave Off Kanagawa or The Great Wave,† Hokusai illustrated the splendor of the sea. Since Japan is surrounded by water, this painting has become the quintessential representation of Japanese aesthetics. This seascape painting with a Japanese natural landmark, Mt. Fuji, had represented the Asian geography. More so, it showed the combination of western and eastern influences with regards to art production. Moreover, this particular Japanese art have preserved its authenticity and oriental aesthetic by â€Å"flattening the texture and using color surfaces as an element. † On the other hand, this painting also showed how nature can be so powerful which was expressed on the giant which was on the verge of devouring the people aboard the two boasts (Andreas. com). Works Cited â€Å"ANSEL ADAMS Biography. † 2007. Notablebiographies. com. 12 December 2008 http://www. notablebiographies. com/A-An/Adams-Ansel. html. â€Å"Ansel Adams Photograph. † n. d. U. S. National Archives and Records Administration. 12 December 2008 http://www. archives. gov/research/ansel-adams/. â€Å"Best of Ansel Adams. † 1999. TheHistoryPlace. com. 12 December 2008 http://www. historyplace. com/unitedstates/adams/. â€Å"Hokusai. † 2008. Andreas. com. 12 December 2008 http://www. andreas. com/hokusai. html. Pioch, Nicolas. â€Å"Cezanne, Paul. † 19 September 2002. Webmuseum, Paris. 12 December 2008 http://www. ibiblio. org/wm/paint/auth/cezanne/. Pioch, Nicolas. â€Å"Cezanne, Paul: Landscapes. † 19 September 2002. Webmuseum, Paris. 12 December 2008 http://www. ibiblio. org/wm/paint/auth/cezanne/land/. Pioch, Nicolas. â€Å"Hokusai, Katsushika. † 19 September 2002. Webmuseum, Paris. 12 December 2008 http://www. ibiblio. org/wm/paint/auth/hokusai/.

Impact of Current Lifestyle Choice on Healthcare Services

Impact of Current Lifestyle Choice on Healthcare Services 2.3 Impact of current lifestyle choices on future needs for health and social care services According to the medical dictionary, Lifestyle is defined as The constellation of habitual activities unique to a person, which lend consistency to activities, behaviour, manners of coping, motivation, and thought processes, and defines the way in which he/she lives; lifestyle activities include diet, level of physical activity, substance abuse, social and personal interaction. Factors like the advanced technologies, globalization of trade, urbanization, et al, are beneficial and lead to positive outcomes but at the same time we can talk about negative effects on population, bringing up sedentary life patterns und unhealthy dietary patterns, an increase in the consumption of tobacco, alcohol or the use of illegal drugs. To be healthy, is one of the fundamental rights of every human being, therefore to reach the highest possible health standards, a holistic approach is required, that goes behind the traditional curative care, involving everyone from stakeholders, providers and least b ut not last, communities. Healthy Lifestyle choices from an early age are recognised to have a positive impact on the needs and health for Social Care at the stage when people are getting older, hypothetically a choice of lifestyle can be considered an investment for the future. Grossman model analysis for The demand of health in one of the Pub Med articles, Dev Health Econ Public Policy, 1998, rises the demand for health from the model in which health investment is seen as a consumption and as an investment good, an approach where the individual can decide his level of health, hence his life span. To begin with, an individual is granted a certain quantity of health capital, which over time is belittled, but can be replaced by investments like medical care, exercise, diet, et al. So, the level of health is not treated as an external cause but is influenced by the amount of resources the individual assigns for the production of health. As an example, educated people are likely, more efficient producers of health, hence a lower price for their capital of health is demanded. Fries (1980), suggests that the need for medical services and social care might be reduced if the outbreak of chronic diseases and disability can be put on hold. So, having as objective to reduce or postpone health problems, procedures to modify or change unhealthy lifestyle factors at an early stage in life, were winning a significant attention in the current researches. The level of disease in the population and the skill to improve policy is seen as influencing the future demand of care. According to the Office for national Statistics 2006 the big challenge for the future is chronic disease and also a trend in long-lasting illness and disability in younger population. Therefore, the changing burden of disease associated with the ageing population is already high in the minds of policymakers. There are reports about the differences in self-reported longstanding illness by region, employment status or socio-economic group. The number of incapacity-related benefit claimants has tripl ed since 1979 and is increasing year-on-year. (Prime Ministers Strategy Unit 2005) As a summary from the Health Policy futures, is recognised that: There is a steady increase in morbidity. Most diseases in the future will be of a chronic nature and require health and social care over long episodes in time. There has also been a massive (62 per cent) growth in the number of young people with disability since 1972. Poor mental health and neurodegenerative ailments are becoming more prevalent. There are differences in self-reported health. Discrepancies in disease have implications for where care is provided and to whom in the future. Regional forms in disease shift, and effective and rightful provision of care should follow need. Health differences replicate social inequalities. Trends in equality are important predictors of future health status and areas of need for care. As indicated in the article Archives of internal medicine, an unhealthy lifestyle, is the lifestyle where a person is engaged in activities that can be harmful to ones health, like smoking, not exercising regularly enough, eating unhealthy on a regular basis and not keeping a healthy weight, alcohol consumption, et al. Alcohol consumption- recent increase of alcohol consumption reflects in the recent alcohol related deaths that has more than doubled (Office for National Statistics 2006) Smoking- In comparison with alcohol consumption the number of people smoking has decreased over time, from 45 per cent to 24 per cent. This is reflected in the drop in smoking related illnesses. (Office for National Statistics 2005) However trends like alcohol use, obesity or other lifestyle factors related to cancer can inverse these trends. Smoking is considered an activity that will directly lower the health of humans respiratory system and all related systems. According to, Centre of Disease, Control and Prevention, smoking is damaging almost all organs in our body, and increases the chance of developing lung cancer or any heart disease and will never be considered a healthy lifestyle. Diet- The phrase you are what you eat, has been around for who knows how long now. Eating well sustains a healthy body and mind, thus is not likely to be the same if someone may choose junk food over fresh vegetables but at the same time Prevention is key. According to Food Standards Agencys, 2005, there is an increase in the number of respondents of eating fruit and vegetables. Citizens cannot work to their full capacity if they are sick, and as a result the nationals safety and economic health will suffer, making it weak economically and military. As a result, this is why city, state and national governments care about their citizens to be involved with health promotion which is defined by the WHO, to increase control over their health and its determinants. Exercise- Daily exercise is seen as very important for cardiovascular health, weight, upkeep our overall health, therefore exercising regularly will help burn calories and stimulate muscle tissue. All this will lead to a better muscular structure and a much lower overall weight. Being overweight puts stress on joints and bones and at the same times increasing the risk of diabetes and heart disease. According to the National Health Services, our body weight is affected by the quality and quantity of food that a person eats as well, therefore in order to have a healthy lifestyle, healthy foods, fruit and vegetables are recommended because they contain the vitamins and minerals for all our body needs. These are example of modifiable lifestyle factors, which can be related to grave health conditions, like cancer, myocardial infarction, thus they can be related to some daily life activities at a later stage in life. All these factors will have a significant impact on the health and social care system. Evidence are suggesting that the improvement of these factors will prevent functional limitations associated with older age and will lead to a healthier and more independent way to age. (Lanz, et al. 2001) The report, Engaging with care: A vision for the health and care workforce of England, published in September 2007, is analysing the policies, directions and identifies the routes for future actions, establishing trends and challenges in identifying common grounds in health and care policy guidelines at local and national level. The aim is to empower all those involved in health, in their different roles, to influence the health and care policy and practice. It is well known that the demand for care is shaped by disease patterns, however the patterns of disease are influenced by social determinants. References: Health Policy Futures Engaging with care: a vision for the health and care workforce of England, The Nuffield Trust, paper 2, prepared by Morris Z., (2007), available at: http://www.health.jbs.cam.ac.uk/research/cuhresearch/downloads/reports/socialcontext.pdf, accessed on: 24/01/2017 Nocera S.,(1998), The demand for health: an empirical test of the Grossman model using panel data, PubMed, available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10662408, accessed on: 24/01/2017 The Free Dictionary, (2003-2017), available at: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Life-style+choice, accessed on: 24/01/2017Â  

Teenagers in Depression :: essays research papers

It has come to my attention, that there are quite a few, or need I say many people who have problems with themselves and are in a state of depression. There are many stories that I have read and also dealt with myself about the different causes of this extreme low self esteem. Why does it seem like no one understands us? Why do we have to feel this way? The solution is to simply end everything because then there will be no suffering. No no, that’s no answer to any problem. We as teenagers have to show our strength to fight this confusing and demanding period of our lives. I will elaborate on just one or two of the many reasons depression strikes once again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A big factor that many are quite familiar with is self injury. May it be burning, cutting, or other harmful actions to oneself, it is certainly not healthy. What exactly is the reason for inflicting injury upon ourselves? Do we even know? Personally, my cutting started all because of something pretty dumb if you ask me. I hurt the best person to me in the world and I messed everything up that I had with them. He told me time and time again how horribly I broke his heart and each time it felt like a knife was being stabbed through my heart deeper and deeper. I couldn’t take it anymore; I went mad. I picked up a knife one day and sliced my arm. What on earth was happening? Well, it seems that I took all the hurt that I have caused him and put it physically on me. If he had to hurt so much, well then I should suffer just as much. It’s been over a year now since I have started it and well, as many know it becomes quite addictive†¦you can’t s eem to stop. The last time that I have cut myself was about 2 weeks ago, and I’m proud staying away from the blade that long. I know that if I try really hard I can overcome the temptation of simply hurting myself to take away the stress and tension built up inside. Instead I go for a run or crank my music up really loud and let out all the negative energy that is slowly manifesting inside my body. No matter what the reason is though for hurting yourself, the point that I want to make across is that it’s not worth it.

Literature for Use in Classroom Essay -- Education Educating Children

Literature for Use in Classroom Donna E. Norton's purpose in her book is "intended to help adults discover ways to share their enchantment with books, our literary heritage, and an appreciation for literature that will last a lifetime" (v). Teachers share that same goal. In selecting literature for a classroom, teachers need to take in account the following: the school's standards and benchmarks, the adopted sequential curriculum, the age of the students, their stages of language, cognitive, personality, and social development. Teachers need to have the literature curriculum set for the year, but flexible enough to meet the needs of the students in the classroom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the schools' standards is the first step in deciding how to use literature in the classroom. Standards tell what students should know and be able to do at each grade level in order to graduate and become productive lifelong learners. Standards exist in each content area with benchmarks written and aligned developmentally with each content area and grade levels. This criteria is what teachers use daily in their teaching process to make sure students are learning what is expected. During all this time, teachers need to continue to ask what is it that students know and should be able to do? The most important consideration may be that "children are the ultimate critics of what they read, and you should consider their preferences when evaluating and selecting books to share with them" (137). Teachers need to visualize the student's picture or perception of literature choices to best teach. Just teaching the material does not ensure that students will choose to l earn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looking at, or meeting the needs of all students, teachers must use a variety of literature material and instructional techniques. "The general characteristics of children at each developmental stage provides clues for appropriate literature. Certain books can benefit children during a particular stage of development, helping the children progress to the next stage" (5). Child development is defined through "the language, cognitive, personality, and social development of children" (5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "A literature program should have five objectives" (110). 1). to "help students realize that literature is for entertainment and can be enjoyed throughout life" (110) 2). to assist students in "acquainting children with t... ...r-pencil tests. Today, evaluation procedures can take place through obsevations, conferencing, oral and written assignments, student self and peer evaluation, and process or performance assessment. Teachers should plan to use a variety of evaluation techniques. Evaluation in literature, should include not only evaluation of student progress and teacher instruction, but also of the texts or books used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The different types of literature used in a classroom includes the following: traditional literature, modern fantasy, peotry, contemporary realistic fiction, historical fiction, multicultural literature and non fictions biographies and or informational books. Teachers may set a yearly literature instructional plan by themes and or the above types of literature. The literature units may go accross the curriculum and align with all subjects. A picture wordless book may be used with an art unit. The theming may go from a personal context in literature looking at heritage integrated with social studies. During the year, student interest and abilities may determine the direction and content of instructional units. Most important units must be relevant and meaningful to students.

Analyse of the Two Key Moments Essay

Just before this key moment starts, the guards takes Rebecca Nurse out of her cage, on its way to the place where people are hanged. She is astonished that John is confessing. The key moment starts with Proctor refusing to say that he saw Rebecca Nurse in the Devil’s company, or anybody else. Danforth demands that Proctor prove the purity of his soul by accusing others, but Hale advises that it is enough that he confesses himself. Parris agrees, but Danforth demands that Proctor should sign a document. Proctor says that he has confessed to God, and that is enough. He asks Danforth whether a good confession must be public. Proctor wishes to keep only his name, and Danforth thus refuses to accept his confession. Danforth orders Proctor to be hanged. Hale begs Elizabeth to plead with Proctor to sign a confession, but Elizabeth states that Proctor has his goodness now, and God forbid that she take it from him. The characters have turning points in the key moments, and I am going to discuss what happens to Hale, John Proctor and Danforth in this key moment. Hale’s beliefs in witchcraft changes, so does his faith in the law. In Act 4, he tells the accused witches to lie, to confess their supposed sins in order to save their own lives. This change of heart and hopelessness, makes Hale gain the audience’s sympathy but not its respect, since he lacks the moral character of Rebecca Nurse or, and as it turns out at the end of Act 4, John Proctor. Although Hale recognises the evil of the witch trials, his response is not resistance but surrender. He thinks that survival is the highest good, even if it means helping oneself to injustice, which honourable and truly heroic characters can never accept. John Proctor changes himself and provides a final charge of the witch trials. Offered the opportunity to make a confession that he has seen the Devil, he almost surrenders, even signing a confession letter. His great pride and fear of public opinion drove him to hold his truth, adultery, from the court, but by the end of the play he is more concerned with his personal honesty than his public reputation. He still wants to save his name, but for a personal and religious view, rather than the publics’ reasons. Proctor’s refusal to provide a false confession is a true religious and personal determination. His confession would dishonour his friends who are convicted who are brave enough to die as support to the truth. Also it will dishonour himself, staining not just his public reputation, but also his soul. He then decides to change his mind and tells Danforth that he does not want to lie, this bringing him to heaven. He has now redeemed his sin. As Elizabeth says to end the play, responding to Hale’s plea that she convince Proctor to publicly confess: â€Å"He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! † In this key moment Danforth shows that his greatest interest is to protect the reputation of the court when he prompts Proctor to sign a confession, thus preventing the response of his death. I think that Danforth has changed internally but not externally. I think he believes that the witchcraft is fake, but externally he is still a strict and craving for a good reputation. If he did believe people at the end of the play, then he would not convict John Proctor, but he did because it was to late then, and his reputation would be ruined, as he has convicted people before. It is a crucial moment for the audience because they think Proctor is a bad and not a honourable man when he signs the paper. It is dramatic irony, but not as much. The audience know that Proctor does not see the Devil, to save his life by confessing and showing you don not lie, he says he has been seeing the Devil. But he suddenly changes, he rips the piece of paper representing his confession, and explains that his name is more important, he wants to show he is a heroic man, so he says he never has see the Devil, which is true, and the audience see how he is a better man, and is going to die being an honourable and a heroic man. A crucible is a melting pot, where substances are heated to a high temperature to get rid of impurities. Miller is suggesting the play is like to purge by fire, a form of ‘cleansing’. This is a metaphor for spiritual improvements as the result of a confession being exerted. It is known as ‘cleaning’ or ‘cleansing’ yourself by confessing to seeing the Devil. There is many ways to explain the name of the book and here are some more: first witches supposedly boil potions in cauldrons and a synonym for cauldron is crucible. Secondly, it has a metaphorical meaning: the society of Salem is being heated and stirred in an attempt to remove the impurities and leave only the pure members of the society. One of the central themes of the play is the spiritual development of John Proctor. It is a powerful and complex play. All of the action takes place indoors and it is very black, simplistic and it emphasises the lifestyle of the people and it echoes the claustrophobic atmosphere of the play. The play focuses on ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. In the play Miller is discussing the forces of evil. In the attempt to cut out evil there is certainly a degree of irony. The irony in this play is that evil and tragedy actually occur from the actions of the unwise and over eager characters such as Danforth and Parris and to a certain extent Hale, who became responsible for deaths, misery and cruelty. Miller is suggesting that humans are vulnerable to evil and he aims to show that the evil generated in Salem was through a combination of circumstances for which no one person could be held entirely responsible but yet none were guilt free. The Crucible was based on real events and characters. The people of the 17th Century Salem, witchcraft were a very real and forceful threat. Many people were accused of being witches, and were tortured and executed. The discrimination of witches spread to a lot of places around the world. Witches thought to commit crimes have various ‘proofs’ of a witch including the testimony of a fellow witch, the common belief or accusation of those who live with suspected witch, cursing followed by some mischief or the person disagrees with the person when questioned. Miller was interested in McCarthy trials in the 1940s/50s and made the book parallel to it, Salem witch trials of 1682. Miller may have oversimplified matters, in that while there were no actual witches in Salem, there were certainly Communists in 1950s America. However, one can argue that Miller’s concern in The Crucible is not with whether the accused actually are witches, but rather with the refusal of the court officials to believe that they are not. McCarthyism limits, which wronged many innocents and this parallel was felt strongly in Miller’s own time. In real life, at Millers time, Abigail Williams was 12 years old, but in the play she is 17, but why did he change the age? He did this to make Abigail Williams a better character to make her do all the mischievous things she does in the play. At the age of 17, you are mature and able to make an opinion, and act more like an adult, unlike a 12 year old where you are still to young to do things adults do. Danforth was not a real person, he was made up, but the wonderful thing about him is that he is made up of 3 characters. These three characters were the judges, but they would not be as dramatic and neither strong, unless there is one person who rules, making that character more remembered, and more important to the play.

Importance of Fungi

Importance of Fungi: Fungi are  eukaryotic  organisms distinct from plants and animals and members of several other smaller kingdoms. Common fungi include mushrooms, conks, corals, jellies, puffballs, stinkhorns, morels, cups, truffles, lichens, yeasts, rusts, smuts, bread molds, mildews, and molds on bathroom tiles. In 1959, R. H. Whittaker introduced a five-kingdom taxonomy that granted fungi equal status with plants and animals. The five-kingdom system has been supplanted by a multiple-kingdom classification, and species traditionally treated as fungi are now distributed across several kingdoms.Those believed to form a  monophyletic lineage  are assigned to kingdom Eumycota (often called kingdom Fungi). Mycology, the science devoted to fungi, still covers all traditional fungi. Fungi are considered as one of the most prolific types of life on earth, which are found nearly everywhere around us. There are many different types of fungi some of which are very beneficial for ma nkind. It has immense economic applications and plays a major role in producing a number of products such as drugs, antibiotics penicillin, contraceptives, food, mushrooms, morels, cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and soybeans.Fungi have a profound biological and economic impact. As decomposers, plant pathogens, and symbiotic partners, their ability to grow anywhere, on anything, makes them both beneficial and harmful recyclers of carbon and nitrogen. Beneficially, they are used as food (mushrooms, truffles) and in baking and brewing (yeasts). They are being developed to detoxify pollutants (soil fungi), control insects (pathogenic Zygomycota), and regulate plant growth (pathogenic Ascomycota).Detrimentally, rusts, smuts, and molds cost billions of dollars through crop disease and spoilage while forest pathogens such as the honey mushroom (  Armillaria ostoyae  ) and root-butt rot (  Heterobasidion annosum  ) similarly threaten the timber industry. Some are toxic when eaten, su ch as the infamous destroying angel (  Amanita phalloides  ). Natural LSD, a hallucinogen produced by ergot (  Claviceps purpurea  ), is associated with medieval hysterical frenzies produced by consumption of infected grain, and the  aflatoxin  produced by  Aspergillus flavus  in improperly stored grain is one of the most potent carcinogens yet discovered.As human and animal pathogens, fungi cause infections that range from the vexing (athlete's foot, yeast infections) to life threatening (histoplasmosis). Fortunately, other fungi (such as  Penicillium  ) have been used to develop modern antibiotics and beneficial  immunosuppressants  . Recycling Fungi, together with bacteria, are responsible for most of the recycling which returns dead material to the soil in a form in which it can be reused. Without fungi, these recycling activities would be seriously reduced. We would effectively be lost under piles many metres thick, of dead plant and animal remains. Food Fungi are also important directly as food for humans. Many mushrooms are edible and different species are cultivated for sale worldwide. While this is a very small proportion of the actual food that we eat, fungi are also widely used in the production of many foods and drinks. These include cheeses, beer and wine, bread, some cakes, and some soya bean products. While a great many wild fungi are edible, it can be difficult to correctly identify them. Some mushrooms are deadly if they are eaten. Fungi with names such as ‘Destroying Angel' and ‘Death Cap' give us some indication that it would not be a terribly good idea to eat them!In some countries, collecting wild mushrooms to eat is a popular activity. It is always wise to be totally sure that what you have collected is edible and not a poisonous look-a-like. Medicines Penicillin, perhaps the most famous of all antibiotic drugs, is derived from a common fungus called Penicillium. Many other fungi also produce antibiotic substances, which are now widely used to control diseases in human and animal populations. The discovery of antibiotics revolutionized health care worldwide. Some fungi which parasitise caterpillars have also been traditionally used as medicines.The Chinese have used a particular caterpillar fungus as a tonic for hundreds of years. Certain chemical compounds isolated from the fungus may prove to be useful treatments for certain types of cancer. A fungus which parasitises Rye crops causes a disease known as Ergot. The fungus can occur on a variety of grasses. It produces small hard structures, known as sclerotia. These sclerotia can cause poisoning in humans and animals which have eaten infected material. However, these same sclerotia are also the source of a powerful and important drug which has uses in childbirth. Food SpoilageIt has already been noted that fungi play a major role in recycling organic material. The fungi which make our bread and jam go moldy are only recycling orga nic matter, even though in this case, we would prefer that it didn't happen! Fungal damage can be responsible for large losses of stored food, particularly food which contains any moisture. Dry grains can usually be stored successfully, but the minute they become damp, moulds are likely to render them inedible. This is obviously a problem where large quantities of food are being produced seasonally and then require storage until they are needed.Types of Fungi Moulds and Yeast . Moulds The cotton-like mass grown on fruits, animal dung, leather goods or bread in a warm and humid climate is known as a mould. E. g. Mucor and Rhizopus . General Structure- †¢They have a network of transparent structures called as hyphae. †¢The entire mass of such threads is called as mycelin. Nutrition – They obtain their food from the substratum on which they grow. Respiration – they acquire aerobic respiration. Reproduction in moulds is both asexual and sexual. †¢Asexual rep roduction in moulds occurs by the method of columella. Sexual reproduction in moulds occurs by the method of conjugation. Yeast Yeast is a one-celled microorganism growing all around us and on us. It grows when it has food and water, and suspends growth when it does not. In suspended animation, it is light enough to be blown by the wind, like a seed. If there is water and food where it lands, it will reproduce and continue the cycle. It is also on human skin and can be transferred to food through contact, with clean or dirty hands. Yeast has been exploited by humans for thousands  to make bread, beer and wine. It does so by turning sugar into alcohol and gas to gain energy.